Legal Certainty of Criminal Responsibility for Artificial Intelligence Scam through Electronic Communications in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35719/rch.v7i2.413Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Legal Certainty, Criminal LiabilityAbstract
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has achieved significant progress across various sectors but has also created new challenges in the field of law, particularly regarding the emergence of new methods of fraud (scam) through electronic communication. AI-based scams, such as the use of deepfake technology to mimic the faces and voices of public figures, have opened opportunities for technological misuse that harms society. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s legal regulations concerning AI-based scam offenses conducted through electronic communication and to examine the legal certainty in determining the criminal liability of perpetrators. This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the regulation of such crimes is already established in the Criminal Code (KUHP), the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), and the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP). Article 492 of the KUHP remains relevant since the elements of fraud are fulfilled even when committed digitally, while Articles 28 and 35 of the UU ITE regulate the dissemination of false information and electronic data manipulation, and Articles 65–68 of the UU PDP provide protection for victims’ personal data. Based on the legal principle of geen straf zonder schuld (“no punishment without fault”), the use of AI does not eliminate human culpability, as AI merely serves as a tool controlled by the perpetrator. Therefore, Indonesian law has provided a clear foundation of legal certainty in determining criminal liability for perpetrators of AI-based scams conducted through electronic communication.
References
Book
Ilyas, Amir. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Yogyakarta: Rangkang Education & PuKAP-Indonesia, 2012.
Moeljatno. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1993.
Journal Articles
Alanazi, Sami, dan Seemal Asif. “Exploring Deepfake Technology: Creation, Consequences and Countermeasures.” Human Intelligent Systems Integration (2024).
Darto, Afridus, et al. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana bagi Pelaku Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan Pengidap Gangguan Kejiwaan dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana.” Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Wijaya Putra 1, no. 2 (2023).
Fadlian, Aryo. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana dalam Suatu Kerangka Teoritis.” Jurnal Hukum Positum 5, no. 2 (2020).
Halilah, Siti. “Asas Kepastian Hukum Menurut Para Ahli.” Siyasah: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara 4, no. 2 (2021).
Iskandar Putri, Silvia Maharani, Nashwa Salsabila, dan Asmak Ul Hosnah. “Kriminalisasi Penggunaan Deepfake dalam Tindak Pidana Penipuan dan Pencemaran Nama Baik: Tantangan dan Solusi Hukum.” Jurnal Hukum Legalita 6, no. 2 (2024).
Kristiyenda, Yoan Shevila, Jasmine Faradila, dan Christina Basanova. “Pencegahan Kejahatan Deepfake: Studi Kasus terhadap Modus Penipuan Deepfake Prabowo Subianto dalam Tawaran Bantuan Uang.” Aladalah: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora 3, no. 2 (2025).
Lengkey, David Jeremy, Altje Agustin Musa, dan Ronald Elrik Rorie. “Kajian Hukum Mengenai Pertanggungjawaban Pidana oleh Pelaku Penipuan melalui Media Komunikasi Seluler.” Lex Privatum 15, no. 5 (2025).
Muttaqin, Ahda, et al. “Telaah Asas Geen Straf Zonder Schuld terhadap Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Penipuan melalui Modus Ritual.” University of Bengkulu Law Journal 8, no. 1 (2023).
Nurjannah, Afifah Ayu, dan Herry Liyus. “Perlindungan Hukum bagi Korban Penyalahgunaan Artificial Intelligence (AI) terhadap Serangan Malware dalam Perspektif Peraturan Perundang-Undangan.” PAMPAS: Journal of Criminal Law 6, no. 2 (2025).
Pasaribu, Yohanis. “Tanggung Jawab Pengemudi Mobil yang Lalai dan Akibat Hukumnya Ditinjau dari Pasal 359 dan 360 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana.” Lex et Societatis 5, no. 1 (2017).
Sulistiano, Vania, dan Bambang Arwanto. “Analisis Hukum Mengenai Pertanggungjawaban Pidana bagi Pembuat Aplikasi Game Online yang Memuat Unsur Perjudian.” Al-Adalah 3, no. 2 (2025).
Usman, Noval bin, dan Satria Unggul Wicaksana Prakasa. “Perlindungan Hukum Data Pribadi dan Pertanggungjawaban Otoritas terhadap Keamanan Siber Menurut Tinjauan UU PDP.” Doktrina: Journal of Law 7, no. 2 (2024).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabila Fajrin, Ade Irma Suryani, Dominikus Rato, Y. A Triana Ohoiwutun
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
