https://rechtenstudent.uinkhas.ac.id/index.php/rch rechtenstudentjournal, jurnal fakultas syariah iain jember Sharia Faculty, KH. Achmad Siddiq State Islamic University of Jember en-US Rechtenstudent 2723-0406 https://rechtenstudent.uinkhas.ac.id/index.php/rch/article/view/343 <p>Indonesia's participation in the Paris Agreement has created opportunities for international cooperation that can support the progress of low-carbon development at the national level. The participation, along with the strong global commitment to help developing countries achieve their emission reduction targets under the Paris Agreement, brings several benefits for Indonesia in obtaining international support for climate change adaptation and mitigation, including climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building. This research aims to analyse the strategic role of the Paris Agreement towards a low-carbon development agenda in the energy sector in Indonesia. This research is based on regime theory and neoliberal institutionalism paradigm as the theoretical framework for analysing the issues addressed. Furthermore, this research applies the literature study method by using sociolegal approach. The findings of this research indicate that the Paris Agreement has contributed to the progress of low-carbon development in Indonesia particularly in the energy sector. However, its implementation has been sluggish in meeting the targets for climate change mitigation and adaptation.</p> Thoriq Al Hakim Faizy Radian Salman Arif Rahman Hakim Copyright (c) 2025 Thoriq Al Hakim Faizy, Radian Salman, Arif Rahman Hakim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-08-28 2025-08-28 6 2 97 110 10.35719/rch.v6i2.343 https://rechtenstudent.uinkhas.ac.id/index.php/rch/article/view/347 <p>The rapid development of digital technology has transformed the global financial landscape with the emergence of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. As a decentralized digital asset based on blockchain technology, Bitcoin enables fast, anonymous, and cross-border transactions without central authority intervention. While these features offer convenience, they also pose risks of abuse in illegal activities, including narcotics transactions. In Indonesia, the use of Bitcoin in drug-related offenses presents complex legal challenges due to the absence of explicit criminal regulations governing such usage. This study examines the criminal liability of narcotics offenders who utilize Bitcoin, focusing on three core issues: the juridical basis for punishment, the characteristics of punishment under Indonesia’s legal system, and an ideal penal concept for the future. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. Findings indicate that punishment remains based on Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, with Bitcoin regarded as a means rather than a core element of the crime. Although it does not constitute a new offense, its use may aggravate punishment through individualized sentencing. Sanctions involving digital assets remain suboptimal due to regulatory gaps. Therefore, this study recommends revising criminal laws to explicitly regulate Bitcoin use in drug crimes, developing sentencing guidelines that consider technological factors, and formulating responsive penal policies, including asset seizure and inter-agency collaboration through blockchain forensic technology.</p> Maria Dona Kristina Wati Ainul Azizah Fanny Tanuwijaya Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Dona Kristina Wati, Ainul Azizah, Fanny Tanuwijaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-08-31 2025-08-31 6 2 111 119 10.35719/rch.v6i2.347